Heart Failure: Difference between revisions

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== References ==
 
<biblio>
 
#Withering  Withering W., Keys TE, An account of the foxglove and some of its medical uses, with practical remarks on dropsy, and other diseases, Classics of Cardiology. Volume I. New York, NY: Henry Schuman, Dover Publications; 1941: 231–252.
 
#Dickstein  Dickstein K. et al., ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008, European Heart Journal (2008) 29, 2388–2442
 
#Evangelista Evangelista LS, Dracup K. A closer look at compliance research in heart failure patients in the last decade. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs 2000;15:97–103.
 
#VanDerWal van derWal MH, Jaarsma T, van Veldhuisen DJ. Non-compliance in patients with heart failure; how can we manage it? Eur J Heart Fail 2005;7:5–17
 
#Granger Granger BB, Swedberg K, Ekman I, Granger CB, Olofsson B, McMurray JJ, Yusuf S, Michelson EL, Pfeffer MA. Adherence to candesartan and placebo and outcomes in chronic heart failure in the CHARM programme: double-blind, randomised, controlled clinical trial. Lancet 2005;366:2005–2011
 
#Lainscak Lainscak M, Cleland J, Lenzen MJ. Recall of lifestyle advice in patients recently hospitalised with heart failure: a EuroHeart Failure Survey analysis. Eur J Heart Fail 2007;9:1095–1103
 
#McDonagh McDonagh TA, Morrison CE, Lawrence A, Ford I, Tunstall-Pedoe H, McMurray JJ, Dargie HJ. Symptomatic and asymptomatic left-ventricular systolic dysfunction in an urban population. Lancet. 1997 Sep 20;350(9081):829-33
References
#Wang Wang TJ, Evans JC, Benjamin EJ, Levy D, LeRoy EC, Vasan RS. Natural history of asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction in the community. Circulation. 2003 Aug 26;108(8):977-82. Epub 2003 Aug 11.
 
</biblio>
(1) Withering W., Keys TE, An account of the foxglove and some of its medical uses, with practical remarks on dropsy, and other diseases, Classics of Cardiology. Volume I. New York, NY: Henry Schuman, Dover Publications; 1941: 231–252.
(2) Dickstein K. et al., ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008, European Heart Journal (2008) 29, 2388–2442
(3) Evangelista LS, Dracup K. A closer look at compliance research in heart failure patients in the last decade. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs 2000;15:97–103.
(4) van derWal MH, Jaarsma T, van Veldhuisen DJ. Non-compliance in patients with heart failure; how can we manage it? Eur J Heart Fail 2005;7:5–17
(5) Granger BB, Swedberg K, Ekman I, Granger CB, Olofsson B, McMurray JJ, Yusuf S, Michelson EL, Pfeffer MA. Adherence to candesartan and placebo and outcomes in chronic heart failure in the CHARM programme: double-blind, randomised, controlled clinical trial. Lancet 2005;366:2005–2011
(6) Lainscak M, Cleland J, Lenzen MJ. Recall of lifestyle advice in patients recently hospitalised with heart failure: a EuroHeart Failure Survey analysis. Eur J Heart Fail 2007;9:1095–1103
(7) McDonagh TA, Morrison CE, Lawrence A, Ford I, Tunstall-Pedoe H, McMurray JJ, Dargie HJ. Symptomatic and asymptomatic left-ventricular systolic dysfunction in an urban population. Lancet. 1997 Sep 20;350(9081):829-33
(8) Wang TJ, Evans JC, Benjamin EJ, Levy D, LeRoy EC, Vasan RS. Natural history of asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction in the community. Circulation. 2003 Aug 26;108(8):977-82. Epub 2003 Aug 11.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 2
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4                                                                                              Size of treatment effect
 
Class I
Benefit >>> Risk
 
 
 
 
 
Procedure/treatment should be performed/administered Class IIa
Benefit >> Risk
Additional studies with focused objectives needed
 
 
 
It is reasonable to perform/administer treatment Class IIb
Benefit ≥  Risk
Additional studies with broad objectives needed; additional registry data would be helpful
 
Procedure/treatment may be considered Class III
Benefit ≥ Risk
No additional studies needed
 
 
 
Procedure/treatment should not be performed/administered since it is not helpful and may be harmful
Level A
 
Multiple (3-5) population risk strata evaluated  Recommendation that procedure or treatment is useful/effective
 Sufficient evidence from multiple randomized trials or non-randomized trials  Recommendation in favor of treatment or procedure being useful/effective
 Some conflicting evidence from multiple randomized trials or meta-analyses  Recommendation’s usefulness/efficacy less well established
 Greater conflicting evidence from multiple randomized trials or meta-analyses  Recommendation that procedure or treatment not useful/effective and may be harmful
 Sufficient evidence from multiple randomized trials or meta-analyses
Level B
 
Limited (2-3) population risk strata evaluated  Recommendation that procedure or treatment is useful/effective
 Limited evidence from single randomized trial or non-randomized studies
 Recommendation in favor of treatment or procedure being useful/effective
 Some conflicting evidence from single randomized trial or non-randomized studies  Recommendation’s usefulness/efficacy less well established
 Greater conflicting evidence from single randomized trial or non-randomized studies  Recommendation that procedure or treatment not useful/effective and may be harmful
 Limited evidence from single randomized trial or non-randomized studies
Level C
 
Very limited (1-2) population risk strata evaluated  Recommendation that procedure or treatment is useful/effective
Only experts opinion, case studies, or standard-of-care
 Recommendation in favor of treatment or procedure being useful/effective
 Only diverging expert opinion case studies, or standard-of-care  Recommendation’s usefulness/efficacy less well established
 Only diverging expert opinion case studies, or standard-of-care  Recommendation that procedure or treatment not useful/effective and may be harmful
 Only expert opinion case studies, or standard-of-care
Nja
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