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Atherosclerosis: Difference between revisions
→Antihypertensive therapy
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Antihypertensive therapy can either consist of lifestyle interventions or pharmacotherapy. Lifestyle modifications consist of diet, body weight reduction, increased activity, and cessation of smoking. As for diet, high consumption of fruits, vegetables, dairy products low in fat, fish oils, potassium and reduced consumption of sodium and alcohol are recommended. | Antihypertensive therapy can either consist of lifestyle interventions or pharmacotherapy. Lifestyle modifications consist of diet, body weight reduction, increased activity, and cessation of smoking. As for diet, high consumption of fruits, vegetables, dairy products low in fat, fish oils, potassium and reduced consumption of sodium and alcohol are recommended. | ||
The indication for pharmacotherapy depends on the severity of hypertension and on the assessment of total CVD risk. Several large trials have shown that pharmacotherapy for hypertension can substantially reduce major cardiovascular events such as MI and stroke. Drug therapy is indicated when chronic SBP ≥ 160mmHg and/or DBP ≥100mmHg, or if target organ damage is present. | The indication for pharmacotherapy depends on the severity of hypertension and on the assessment of total CVD risk. Several large trials have shown that pharmacotherapy for hypertension can substantially reduce major cardiovascular events such as MI and stroke. Drug therapy is indicated when chronic SBP ≥ 160mmHg and/or DBP ≥100mmHg, or if target organ damage is present. | ||
With estimated global incidence of 170 million people, diabetes mellitus is a large problem worldwide. Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of acute coronary events by three- to five folds and 80% of diabetic patients will face atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular diseases. Risk for atherosclerosis among diabetics is considered to be as high as | ==== ''Diabetes Mellitus'' ==== | ||
With estimated global incidence of 170 million people, diabetes mellitus is a large problem worldwide. Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of acute coronary events by three- to five folds and 80% of diabetic patients will face atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular diseases. Risk for atherosclerosis among diabetics is considered to be as high as in patients with previous MI. Based on this observation, the National Cholesterol Education Program report from the United States and guidelines from Europe considers type 2 diabetes to be a CHD equivalent, categorizing it to the highest risk for MI.<br /> | |||
There are several possible mechanisms that make this group particularly vulnerable to atherosclerosis. An example of mechanism is non-enzymatic glycation of lipoproteins, which promotes uptake of cholesterol by scavenger macrophages. Furthermore, pro-thrombotic and anti-fibrinolytic properties of diabetes can also contribute to this vulnerability. The high prevalence of endothelial dysfunction among diabetes group leads to reduced bioavailability of NO and enhanced leukocyte adhesion. The most effective prevention of atherosclerosis among diabetes group is tight regulation of serum glucose levels. This intervention significantly reduces the risk of microvascular complications such as retinopathy and nephropathy. Furthermore, intense anti-diabetic regime also reduced macrovascular outcomes such as MI and stroke among a group of diabetes type 1. Additionally managing hypertension and dyslipidemia among diabetic groups also significantly reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases.<br /> | There are several possible mechanisms that make this group particularly vulnerable to atherosclerosis. An example of mechanism is non-enzymatic glycation of lipoproteins, which promotes uptake of cholesterol by scavenger macrophages. Furthermore, pro-thrombotic and anti-fibrinolytic properties of diabetes can also contribute to this vulnerability. The high prevalence of endothelial dysfunction among diabetes group leads to reduced bioavailability of NO and enhanced leukocyte adhesion. The most effective prevention of atherosclerosis among diabetes group is tight regulation of serum glucose levels. This intervention significantly reduces the risk of microvascular complications such as retinopathy and nephropathy. Furthermore, intense anti-diabetic regime also reduced macrovascular outcomes such as MI and stroke among a group of diabetes type 1. Additionally managing hypertension and dyslipidemia among diabetic groups also significantly reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases.<br /> | ||
== References == | == References == | ||