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| Syncope can be classified into: | | Syncope can be classified into: |
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| * '''Reflex syncope'''
| | [[File:Syncope_class.svg]] |
| ** Vasovagal
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| *** mediated by orthostatic or emotional stress
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| ** Situational
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| *** Cough
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| *** Sneeze
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| *** Gastro-intestinal (swallow, defaecation, visceral pain)
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| *** Micturation
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| *** Post-exercise
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| *** Post-prandial
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| *** Others (e.g. laugh, brass instrument playing, weightlifting)
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| ** Carotid sinus syncope
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| ** Atypical forms
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| ***without apparent triggers and/or atypical presentation
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| * '''Syncope due to orthostatic hypotension'''
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| ** Primary autonomic failure
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| *** Pure autonomic failure
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| *** Multiple system atrophy
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| *** Parkinson's disease with autonomic failure
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| *** Lewy body dementia
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| ** Secondary autonomic failure
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| *** Diabetes
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| *** Amyloidosis
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| *** Uraemia
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| *** Spinal cord injuries
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| ** Drug induced orthostatic hypotension
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| *** Alcohol, vasodilators, diuretics, phenotiazines, antidepressants
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| ** Volume depletion
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| *** Haemorrhage, diarrhoea, vomiting etc.
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| * '''Cardiac syncope'''
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| ** Arrhythmias
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| *** Bradycardia: sinus node dysfunction, atrio-ventricular conduction system disease, implanted device malfunction.
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| *** Tachycardia: supraventricular, ventricular (idiopathic, secondary to structural heart disease or to channelopathies)
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| *** Drug-induced arrhythmias
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| ** Structural heart disease
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| *** Cardiac: cardiac valvular disease (or prosthetic valve dysfunction), acute myocardial infarction/ischemia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cardiac masses, pericardial disease/tamponade, congenital anomalies of coronary arteries
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| *** Other: pulmonary embolus, acute aortic dissection, pulmonary hypertension
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| ===Pathophysiology=== | | ===Pathophysiology=== |