Textbook of Cardiology

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==Electrocardiography (ECG)==
==Electrocardiography (ECG)==
[[Image:Nsr.png|400px|thumb|'''Figure 1.''' A short ECG registration of the normal heart rhythm (sinus rhythm). Source:http://en.ecgpedia.org/wiki/File:Nsr.png]]
[[Image:Nsr.png|400px|thumb|'''Figure 1.''' A short ECG registration of the normal heart rhythm (sinus rhythm).]]


The electrocardiogram asses the electrical activity of the human heart and translates this into a graphic representation. In ''Figure 1'' the body location for the 10 electrodes of a 12-channel ECG are shown. The exact placement of the electrodes is of utmost importance in obtaining an interpretable ECG. The ECG is a graphic representation of the difference in voltage between the patches over time.  
The electrocardiogram asses the electrical activity of the human heart and translates this into a graphic representation. In ''Figure 1'' the body location for the 10 electrodes of a 12-channel ECG are shown. The exact placement of the electrodes is of utmost importance in obtaining an interpretable ECG. The ECG is a graphic representation of the difference in voltage between the patches over time.  
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===Conduction===
===Conduction===
[[Image:QRSwaves.jpg|300px|thumb|'''Figure 2.''' A representation of the several intervals of an ECG.
[[Image:QRSwaves.jpg|300px|thumb|'''Figure 2.''' A representation of the several intervals of an ECG.]]
Source:http://en.ecgpedia.org/wiki/File:QRSwaves.jpg ]]
 
====PQ interval====
====PQ interval====
The PQ interval starts at the beginning of the atrial contraction and ends at the beginning of the ventricular contraction.
The PQ interval starts at the beginning of the atrial contraction and ends at the beginning of the ventricular contraction.
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|align="center"|'''Figure 3.''' Transthoracic echocardiography.  
|align="center"|'''Figure 3.''' Transthoracic echocardiography.  
Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AHeart_lpla_echocardiography_diagram.jpg
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|align="center"|'''Figure 4.''' Apical four chamber view by two dimensional echocardiography.  
|align="center"|'''Figure 4.''' Apical four chamber view by two dimensional echocardiography.  
Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AApical_4_chamber_view.gif
|align="center"|'''Figure 5.''' Short axis view of left ventricle by two dimensional echocardiography.  
|align="center"|'''Figure 5.''' Short axis view of left ventricle by two dimensional echocardiography.  
Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ALeftVentricleShortAxis.gif
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|align="center"|'''Figure 6.''' Heart short axis with myocardial segments.  
|align="center"|'''Figure 6.''' Heart short axis with myocardial segments.  
Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AHeart_short_axis_myocardial_segments.svg
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|align="center"|'''Figure 7.''' Echocardiogram in the parasternal long-axis view, showing a measurement of the heart's left ventricle in M-mode.  
|align="center"|'''Figure 7.''' Echocardiogram in the parasternal long-axis view, showing a measurement of the heart's left ventricle in M-mode.  
Source:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PLAX_Mmode.jpg]]
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|align="center"|'''Figure 8.''' Apical view with colour Doppler projection showing a ventricular septal defect.  
|align="center"|'''Figure 8.''' Apical view with colour Doppler projection showing a ventricular septal defect.  
Source:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ventricular_Septal_Defect.jpg]]
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|align="center"|'''Figure 9.''' Transoesophageal echocardiography.  
|align="center"|'''Figure 9.''' Transoesophageal echocardiography.  
Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ATransesophageal_echocardiography_diagram.svg]]
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==Cardiac stress test==
==Cardiac stress test==
[[Image:Stress_test.jpg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 10.''' Cardiac stress test making use of a walking treadmill. Source:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AStress_test.jpg]]
[[Image:Stress_test.jpg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 10.''' Cardiac stress test making use of a walking treadmill.]]


Cardiac stress testing is a test used to measure the heart’s ability to respond to external stress in a controlled environment. The stress response of the heart in the test is induced by exercise, such as treadmill walking or biking, or by mimicked by drugs, such as adenosine, dipyridamole or dobutamine. Exercise is the preferred modality for inducing cardiac stress and increasing myocardial oxygen demand. Two main reasons for a pharmalogical induced stress test are; the patient's inability to exercise adequately because of physical or psychologic limitations; or the chosen test does not go along with exercise (i.e., PET scanning). Methods used in stress testing are:
Cardiac stress testing is a test used to measure the heart’s ability to respond to external stress in a controlled environment. The stress response of the heart in the test is induced by exercise, such as treadmill walking or biking, or by mimicked by drugs, such as adenosine, dipyridamole or dobutamine. Exercise is the preferred modality for inducing cardiac stress and increasing myocardial oxygen demand. Two main reasons for a pharmalogical induced stress test are; the patient's inability to exercise adequately because of physical or psychologic limitations; or the chosen test does not go along with exercise (i.e., PET scanning). Methods used in stress testing are:
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