Syncope: Difference between revisions
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*** Cardiac: cardiac valvular disease (or prosthetic valve dysfunction), acute myocardial infarction/ischemia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cardiac masses, pericardial disease/tamponade, congenital anomalies of coronary arteries | *** Cardiac: cardiac valvular disease (or prosthetic valve dysfunction), acute myocardial infarction/ischemia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cardiac masses, pericardial disease/tamponade, congenital anomalies of coronary arteries | ||
*** Other: pulmonary embolus, acute aortic dissection, pulmonary hypertension | *** Other: pulmonary embolus, acute aortic dissection, pulmonary hypertension | ||
===Pathophysiology=== | |||
(Figure pathophysiology syncope) | |||
==Epidemiology== | ==Epidemiology== | ||
Syncope is common in the general population. The life-time cumulative incidence of ≥1 syncopal episodes in teenagers in the general population is high, with about 40 % by the age of 21 years. Reflex syncope is by far the most common cause. The majority have experienced reflex-mediated syncope episodes as teenagers and adolescents. The frequency of cardiac syncope increases with age. Approximately 10-30% of the syncope episodes in patients above 60 years visiting a hospital for their syncope episodes are of cardiac origin. | |||
==Reflex syncope== | ==Reflex syncope== | ||
===Diagnostic evaluation=== | |||
===Treatment=== | |||
The prognosis of reflex syncope is excellent. | |||
==Orthostatic hypotension== | |||
===Diagnostic evaluation=== | |||
===Treatment=== | |||
==Cardiac syncope== | |||
===Diagnostic evaluation=== | |||
===Treatment=== | |||